12. Which modification enhances the stability and translational efficiency of eukaryotic mRNA? (A) Lengthening of the poly( A ) tail. (B) Shortening of the poly( A ) tail. (C) Addition of a 5' cap. (D) Introduction of AU-rich elements. (E) Endonucleolytic cleavage.

7. What is the role of cytochrome c release during intrinsic apoptosis? (A) It binds directly to pro-caspase-3, causing its activation. (B) It neutralizes IAP proteins like XIAP, freeing caspases from inhibition. (C) It released proteases from the mitochondria to cleave protein targets. (D) It permeabilizes the mitochondrial inner membrane, causing a loss of ATP production. (E) It triggers the formation of the apoptosome with APAF-1, which then activates caspase-9.

12. Which modification enhances the stability and translational efficiency of eukaryotic mRNA?
(A) Lengthening of the poly( A ) tail.
(B) Shortening of the poly( A ) tail.
(C) Addition of a 5' cap.
(D) Introduction of AU-rich elements.
(E) Endonucleolytic cleavage.

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