13. During an action potential, which happens first?
(A) opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels
(B) opening of voltage-gated Ca+ channels
(C) closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels
(D) opening of voltage-gated K+ channels
(E) closing of voltage gated K+ channels

9. Which one is the marker of autophagy? (A) Caspase 3 (B) Cytochrome C (C) LC-II (D) Puma (E) RIPK3

10. Which one is a major regulator in M phase? (A) CDK1-cyclin B (B) CDK2-cyclin A (C) CDK2-cyclin E (D) CDK4-cyclin D (E) CDK6-cyclin D

11. Which one contains BH4 domain to inhibit apoptosis? (A) Bak (B) Bax (C) Bcl-2 (D) Bid (E) Bim

12. Which one is NOT the biomarker of apoptosis? (A) Cleaved PARP1 (B) Phosphatidylserine (C) Nuclear DNA fragmentation (D) TUNEL staining (E) Caspase 8

14. Which statement listed below regarding stem cells is correct? 　1. Stem cells can perform asymmetric cell division. 　2. Stem cells can be found in both mouse embryonic and adult tissues. 　3. Totipotent stem cells can form all the cell types in a body, plus the extraembryonic or placental cells. 　4. Pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into endoderm, mesoderm or ectoderm cells. (A) 1 and 2 are correct. (B) 1 and 3 are correct. (C) 1, 2, and 3 are correct. (D) 1, 2 and 4 are correct. (E) All of the above are correct.

15.The best primers for the PCR reaction have the following feature: (A) They have a high G-C content. (B) They have a high A-T content. (C) They should be palindromic. (D) The AT/GC ratio does not matter. (E) They should anneal rapidly, before the larger DNA strands reanneal.

16. Which one is not required for RNA quantification by using PCR? (A) Specific primers (B) Deoxynucleotides (C) Taq DNA polymerase (D) Genomic DNA (E) Complementary DNA

17. Which technique is not used to demonstrate DNA-protein interaction? (A) DNase I footprinting (B) Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (C) Chromatin immunoprecipitation (D) Southwestern blotting assay (E) Fingerprinting

18. Which statement listed below regarding a proteome or a transcriptome is correct? 　 1. A proteome is a collection of all the proteins produced in a given cell or tissue. 　 2. A proteome is an improperly digested protein responsible for certain diseases such as "mad cow" disease. 　 3. A transcriptome will reflect the protein expression levels for all expressed genes. 　 4. A transcriptome is a collection of all the genes being transcribed in a given cell or tissue at a given time. 　 5. A transcriptome is the mRNA transcribed to produce a fusion protein. (A) 1 and 4 are correct. (B) 2, 3 and 5 are correct. (C) 1, 4 and 5 are correct. (D) 1, 3 and 4 are correct. (E) All of above are correct.

19. Which of the following statements about regulation of the lac operon is true? (A) In the presence of lactose, the lac repressor, lacl, halts production of the enzymes encoded by the lac operon. (B) The gene product of lacZ is ẞ-galactosidase which cleaves lactose into glucose and galactose. (C) Glucose in the growth medium does not affect the inducibility by lactose. (D) Glucose in the growth medium increases the inducibility by lactose. (E) Its expression is regulated mainly at the level of translation.