14. Which statement about variation is true?
(A) All new alleles are the result of nucleotide variability.
(B) All phenotypic variation is the result of genotypic variation.
(C) All genetic variation produces phenotypic variation.
(D) All nucleotide variability results in neutral variation.
(E) All geographic variation results from the existence of clines.

10. The eyes of mammalian and octopus are similar in structure and function. Which of following hypothesis accounts for most of this similarity? (A) Balanced polymorphism (B) Convergent evolution (C) Parallel evolution (D) Cladogenesis (E) Macroevolution

複選題11. A new species of plant could be originated by hybridization coupled with ________ (A) autopolyploidy. (B) polymorphic speciation. (C) a super species. (D) sympatric speciation. (E) allopatric speciation.

12. The dengue virus fragments will be presented by virus-infected cells along with which of the following? (A) Toll receptor (B) Complement (C) Antibodies (D) Class I MHC molecules (E) Class II MHC molecules

13. The sum of a species’ use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment is called the species’ _________? (A) niche (B) ecological niche (C) resource niche (D) environment niche (E) ecological statement

15. In a hypothetical situation, the genes for sex pilus construction and for tetracycline resistance are located together on the same plasmid within a particular bacterium. If this bacterium readily performs conjugation involving a copy of this plasmid, then the result should be ____. (A) the rapid spread of tetracycline resistance to other bacteria in that habitat. (B) the subsequent loss of tetracycline resistance from this bacterium. (C) the production of endospores among the bacterium's progeny. (D) the temporary possession by this bacterium of a completely diploid genome. (E) a transformed bacterium.

16. Mendel's observation of the segregation of alleles in gamete formation has its basis in which of the following phases of cell division? (A) Anaphase of mitosis (B) Prophase I of meiosis (C) Prophase II of meiosis (D) Metaphase I of meiosis (E) Anaphase I of meiosis

17. Abnormal chromosomes are frequent in malignant tumors. Errors such as translocations may place a gene in close proximity to different control regions. Which of the following might then occur to make the cancer worse? (A) Sensitivity of the immune system (B) An increase in non-disjunction (C) Expression of inappropriate gene products (D) A decrease in mitotic frequency (E) Death of the cancer cells in the tumor

18. A chemist wishes to make an organic molecule less acidic. Which of the following functional groups should be added to the molecule in order to do so? (A) phosphate (B) amino (C) sulfonyl (D) sulfhydryl (E) carboxyl

19. RFLP analysis can be used to distinguish between alleles based on differences in which of the following? (A) the ability of nucleic acid probes to hybridize to the alleles (B) the proteins expressed from the alleles (C) the ability of the alleles to be replicated in bacterial cells (D) the amount of DNA amplified from the alleles during PCR (E) restriction enzyme recognition sites between the alleles

20. The volume enclosed by the plasma membrane of plant cells is often much larger than the corresponding volume in animal cells. The most reasonable explanation for this observation is that ____. (A) plant cells contain a large vacuole that increases the volume of the cell. (B) plant cells are capable of having a much higher surface-to-volume ratio than animal cells. (C) plant cells have a much more highly convoluted (folded) plasma membrane than animal cells. (D) animal cells are more spherical, while plant cells are elongated. (E) the basic functions of plant cells are very different from those of animal cells.