18. How are most voltage-gated channels inactivated?
(A) by closing degrading channel proteins
(B) by ligand binding
(C) by changes in membrane potential
(D) through interaction with other membrane proteins
(E) by closing spontancously soon after opening

1. All are correct about enhancer sequences in eukaryotic cells except: (A) they can oce cur cither upstream or downstream of the gene. (B) they can be in either oricntation (bi-directional). (C) enhancer function is dependent on recognition by a specific transcription factor. (D) specific tran inscription factor binding at an enhancer stimulates transcription by interacting with RNA polymerase II. (E) All are correct.

2. Amino-acyl-tRNA synthctases catalyze the reaction of a: (A) specific amino acid attachment to the 3'-OH at the 3'-CCA of a specific tRN( A ) (B) specific amino acid attachment to the 5'-OH at the 5'-CCA of a specific tRN( A ) (C) specific tRNA with ATP to form a so called "charged tRNA" that interacts with a specific site on mRN( A ) (D) All of the above. (E) None of the above.

3. Acidification of the stomach uses all of the following types of transport EXCEPT: (A) Cl- ion channels (B) H+/K+ ATPase (C) antiporters (D) symporters (E) All of above are used by stomach parietal cells.

4. Which of the following component(s) is NOT required for the secretory pathway using cotranslational translocation machinery? (A) ribosome (B) signal recognition particle (SRP) (C) ATPase (D) translocon (E) All of above are used in the secretory pathway.

5. Which of the following pathway(s) is NOT the fate of internalized proteins after endocytosis? (A) Internalized proteins move to the lysosome for protein degtadation. (B) Internalized proteins transport to Golgi through retrograde transport (C) Internalized proteins recycle back to the plasma membrane (D) Internalized proteins associate with ribosome for newly protein synthesis (E) All of above are correct.

6. Which part of the ribosome is responsible for peptidyI transfer? (A) 18S (B) 5S (C) 23S (D) 2.8S (E) 16S

7. Given a gene sequence below, please predict the transcript(s)? (A) S'-CGGAAC (B) 5'-AAACCG (C) 5'-AAUCCG (D) S'-UGGAAU (E) 5'-AUUCCG

8. The following methods can separate proteins based on their mass except? (A)centrifugation (B) ion exchange chromatography (C) SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (D) gel filtration chromatography (E) native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

9. A Holiday junction structure is a(n) (A) intermediate in genetic recombination (B) double-stranded DNA break (C) collapsed replication fork (D) thymine-thymine dimmer (E) all of the above

10. A mutation that changes a cysteine codon to a tryptophan codon is called a (A) missense mutation. (B) nonsense mutation. (C) frameshift mutation. (D) silent mutation. (E) Indel delction.

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