19. Indicate why the cell needs autophagy? (2 pts)

(1). Remove damaged organelles

(2). Remove damaged cytosolic proteins

(3). Recycle cell materials

(4). Facilitate protein transport

(5). Enhance protein modifications
(A) (1), (2), (3), (4), (5)
(B) (1), (2), (4), (5)
(C) (1), (2), (4)
(D) (1), (2), (3)
(E) (3), (4), (5)

15. Which one is NOT an unfolded protein response? (A) endocytosis (B) Increase chaperon protein expression (C) Promote protein degradation (D) Induce apoptosis (E) Autophagy

16. Indicate which process NOT requires membrane fusion? (A) Insulin-mediated blood glucose homeostasis (B) Virus infection (C) Cholesterol endocytosis (D) Brain computation (E) Muscle contraction induced by nerve stimulation

17. Indicate where is neurotransmitter stored? (A) ER (B) Golgi (C) presynaptic endosome (D) Synaptic vesicle (E) presynaptic mitochondria

18. Indicate which organelles are mainly involved in protein N-glycosylation? (1). Nucleus (2). ER (3). Golgi (4). Mitochondria (5). Endosome (A) (1), (2) (B) (1), (3) (C) (3), (4) (D) (4), (5) (E) (1), (5)

20. Typically, what is the biogenesis path for a plasma membrane integrated transmembrane protein? (1) ER (2) Golgi (3) Early endosome (4) Lysosome (5) Plasma membrane (A) 1＞4＞5 (B) 1＞3＞5 (C) 2＞1＞5 (D) 1＞2＞5 (E) 3＞4＞5

21. Which of the following statements regarding ER or Golgi structure or function is correct? (1) The synthesis of fatty acids and phospholipids takes place in the smooth ER. (2) Rough ER synthesizes all proteins to be secreted from a cell. (3) COPI coat proteins mediate anterograde transport between the Golgi apparatus and other organelles. (4) The Golgi stacks receive proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by the cis cisternae. (5) The presence of clathrin mediates vesicular transport from trans-Golgi to endosome. (A) (1), (2), (3) and (4) (B) (1), (2), (4) and (5) (C) (2), (3), (4) and (5) (D) (1), (2), (3) and (5) (E) (1), (3), (4) and (5)

22. Which of the following statements regarding endocytosis is correct? (1) Receptor-mediated endocytosis requires microtubule. (2) Cholesterol-binding protein caveolin containing pits involves in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. (3) Clathrin-coated pits can concentrate large extracellular molecules that have different receptors responsible for the receptor-mediated endocytosis of ligands. (A) (1) only (B) (1) and (2) (C) (2) and (3) (D) (1) and (3) (E) All of above

23. Which of the following statements regarding cells of immune system is correct? (1) Cells in the innate immune system use Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to recognize molecular structures that are produced by microbial pathogens. (2) Dendritic cells, macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils and epithelial cells, all belong to the innate immune system. (3) Innate immune cells are also important mediators in lymphoid organ development and the activation of the adaptive immune system.  (4) Helper T cells only recognize antigens coupled to Class I MHC molecules, while Killer T cells and regulatory T cells only recognize antigens coupled Class II MHC molecules. (5) Helper T cells regulate both the innate and adaptive immune responses and help determine which immune responses the body makes to a particular pathogen. (A) (2), (3), (4) and (5) (B) (1), (2), (3) and (4) (C) (1), (2), (4) and (5) (D) (1), (3), (4) and (5) (E) (1), (2), (3) and (5)

24. Which of the following statements regarding RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) is correct? (1) RNA-seq can be used to perform transcriptional profiling, SNP identification, RNA editing and differential gene expression analysis. (2) RNA-seq can detect transcripts from organisms with previously undetermined genomic sequences. (3) RNA-seq sequencing adapters are added to each end of the RNA fragments before library preparation. (A) (1) only (B) (2) only (C) (3) only (D) (1) and (2) (E) (2) and (3)

25. Which of the following statements regarding Transposable elements (TEs) is correct? (1) TEs are DNA sequences that have the ability to change their position within a genome. (2) Retrotransposons mobilize through a RNA intermediate being reverse-transcribed by the reverse transcriptase encoded by the retrotransposons themselves. (3) All DNA transposons are mobilized via DNA intermediates being cut-and-paste to new locations in the genome. (A) (1) only (B) (2) only (C) (3) only (D) (1) and (2) (E) (2) and (3)