42. Which two structures play direct roles in permitting bacteria to adhere to each other, or to other surfaces? (1) capsules (2) endospores (3) fimbriae (4) plasmids (5) flagella
(A) 1 and 2
(B) 1 and 3
(C) 2 and 3
(D) 3 and 4
(E) 3 and 5

38. The first cloned cat, called Carbon Copy, was a calico, but she looked significantly different from her female parent. Why? (A) The environment, as well as genetics, affects phenotypic variation. (B) Fur color genes in cats are influenced by differential acetylation patterns. (C) X inactivation in the embryo is random and produces different patterns. (D) Cloned animals have been found to have a higher frequency of transposon activation. (E) The telomeres of the parent's chromosomes were shorter than those of an embryo.

39. The leading and the lagging strands differ in that (A) synthesize leading strands require RNA primer, but synthesize lagging strands do not require RNA primer. (B) the leading strand is synthesized by adding nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing strand, and the lagging strand is synthesized by adding nucleotides to the 5' end. (C) the lagging strand is synthesized continuously, whereas the leading strand is synthesized in short fragments that are ultimately stitched together. (D) the leading strand is synthesized in the same direction as the movement of the replication fork, and the lagging strand is synthesized in the opposite direction. (E) the leading strand is synthesized at twice the rate of the lagging strand.

40. About split gene and RNA splicing, which of the following statements is NOT TRUE? (A) The coding regions are called exons because they are expressed and usually translated into proteins. (B) The other regions called introns. They are noncoding regions, which contain intervening sequences that are nonfunctional. (C) RNA splicing removes introns and joins exons, creating an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence. (D) Alternative RNA splicing is a type of eukaryotic gene regulation in which different RNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns. (E) Alternative RNA splicing produces a number of different proteins called isoforms from a single gene, therefore significantly expand the repertoire of an eukaryotic genome.

41. Which of the followings were probably considered the first terrestrial organisms? (1) burrowers (2) photosynthetic (3) multicellular (4) prokaryotes (5) eukaryotes (6) plants and their associated fungi (A) 2 and 4 (B) 3 and 5 (C) 1, 3, and 5 (D) 2, 3, and 6 (E) 2, 3, 5, and 6

43. Which two genera have members that can evade the human immune system by frequently changing their surface proteins? (1) Plasmodium (2) Trichomonas (3) Paramecium (4) Trypanosoma (5) Entamoeba (A) 1 and 2 (B) 1 and 4 (C) 2 and 3 (D) 2 and 4 (E) 4 and 5

44. Which of the following cells or structures are associated with asexual reproduction in fungi? (A) ascospores (B) basidiospores (C) zygosporangia (D) conidiophores (E) ascocarps

45. Which of the following is NOT a function of rhizobacteria? (A) produce hormones that stimulate plant growth (B) produce antibiotics that protect roots from disease (C) absorb toxic metals (D) carry out nitrogen fixation (E) supply growing roots with glucose

46. Epiphytes are ______ (A) fungi that attack plants. (B) plants that have a symbiotic relationship with fungi. (C) nonphotosynthetic parasitic plants. (D) plants that live in poor soil and digest insects to obtain nitrogen. (E) plants that grow on other plants but do not obtain nutrients from their hosts.

47. What do Wernicke's and Broca's regions of the brain affect? (A) olfaction (B) vision (C) speech (D) memory (E) hearing

48. According to Hamilton's rule, (A) natural selection does not favor altruistic behavior that causes the death of the altruist. (B) natural selection favors altruistic acts when the resulting benefit to the beneficiary, corrected for relatedness, exceeds the cost to the altruist. (C) natural selection is more likely to favor altruistic behavior that benefits an offspring than altruistic behavior that benefits a sibling. (D) the effects of kin selection are larger than the effects of direct natural selection on individuals. (E) altruism is always reciprocal.