53. Which of the following mechanisms does NOT play a significant role in regulating gastric acid secretion?
(A) Histamine binds to H₂ receptors on the parietal cells to enhance HCl secretion.
(B) Gastrin directly stimulates the -ATPase in parietal cells.
(C) Somatostatin inhibits acid secretion by suppressing gastrin release from G cells.
(D) Acetylcholine released from vagal efferents promotes acid secretion via M₃ receptors.
(E) Carbonic anhydrase in parietal cells facilitates acid secretion by generating protons.

79. Which of the following statements about the synthesis of A³-isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) from acetate is NOT true? (A) Biotin is required. (B) Carbon dioxide is liberated. (C) ATP is consumed. (D) Mevalonate is an intermediate. (E) NADPH is the electron donor.

80. Which cofactor is required for all transaminase (aminotransferase) reactions? (A) thiamine pyrophosphate (B) pyridoxal phosphate (C) biotin (D) folic acid (E) lipoic acid

81. Which one of the following statements about ẞ-oxidation is true? (A) The pathway helps to generate energy and acetyl-CoA from malonyl-CoA. (B) The pathway produces NADPH and NADH as products. (C) The pathway is highly activated in all tissues when glucose is available. (D) The rate-limiting step depends on fatty acyl-CoA entering the mitochondria. (E) All reactions in the pathway could also be used in the biosynthesis of fatty acid.

82. The component of both glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids involves _____.(A) saturated fatty alcohol (B) phosphatidic acid phosphatase (C) phosphoethanolamine (D) phosphocholine (E) mixed-function oxidase

83. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) controls the gene expression of cholesterol biosynthesis. What happens when there is the presence of a high cellular concentration of cholesterol? (A) It increases the proteolytic cleavage and releases SREBP into the nucleus. (B) SREBP is hold in the Golgi apparatus in a complex with SREBP-cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) to produce a regulatory domain fragment. (C) It activates SREBP by inducing the conformational change for cholesterol biosynthesis. (D) It stabilizes the SCAP-SREBP complex by the anchoring of insulin-induced gene protein (Insig). (E) SREBP acts as a corepressor of RXR-LXR dimer to terminate the gene expression of cholesterol biosynthesis.

84. Histones contain large amounts of which of the following amino acids? (A) leucine (B) lysine (C) glutamic acid (D) histidine (E) tryptophan

85. Release of succinate from succinyl-CoA can be coupled to GTP synthesis because: (A) Coenzyme A is a "high energy" compound, just like GTP. (B) The link between succinate and CoA involves an acid anhydride to phosphate. (C) The thioester bond between succinate and CoA has a large -AG of hydrolysis. (D) The amide bond between succinate and CoA has a large -AG of hydrolysis. (E) None of the above.

複選題86. Gout is caused by high levels of uric acid. What are the possible causes? (A) G-6-phosphatase deficiency (B) PRPP mutation (C) HGPRT deficiency (D) all of the above (E) none of the above

87. The final reduced species in the electron transport chain is _____.(A) O2 (B) H2O (C) coenzyme Q (D) cytochrome c (E) none of the above

88. Which of the following statements concerning ẞ-oxidation of fatty acids is false? (A) Initiation occurs at the methyl end of the fatty acid. (B) ẞ-oxidation is the primary route for degradation of fatty acids. (C) B-oxidation takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. (D) Two-carbon units are successively eliminated with each round. (E) None of the above.

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