56. Which of the following description of the genetic term is INCORRECT?
(A) Epistasis is a type of gene interaction in which the phenotypic expression of one gene alters that of another independently inherited gene.
(B) Codominance is a situation in which the phenotypes of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele.
(C) Pleiotropy is the ability of a single gene to have multiple effects.
(D) Epigenetic inheritance is the inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence of a genome.
(E) Polygenic inheritance is an addictive effect of two more genes on a single phenotype.

52. About respiratory pigment, which of the following statements is INCORRECT? (A) Respiratory pigments are proteins that transport oxygen and greatly increase the amount of oxygen that blood can carry. (B) Arthropods and many molluscs have hemocyanin with copper as the oxygen-binding component. (C) Hemoglobin is involved in the transport of O2 but not CO2. (D) A small change in the partial pressure of oxygen can result in a large change in delivery of O2. (E) CO2 produced during cellular respiration lowers blood pH and decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for O2; this is called the Bohr shift.

53. Which of the followings would a paleontologist be most likely to do in order to determine whether a fossil represents a reptile or a mammal? (A) Look for the mammalian characteristics of a four-chambered heart and a diaphragm. (B) Because mammals are eutherians, look for evidence of a placenta. (C) Use molecular analysis to look for the protein keratin. (D) Examine the teeth. (E) Look for the presence of milk-producing glands.

54. Which of the following statements about connective tissue is INCORRECT? (A) Loose connective tissue binds to epithelial to underlying tissues and holds organ in place. (B) Fibrous connective tissue is found in tendons and ligaments. (C) Three types of connective tissue fibers are collagenous fibers, reticular fibers and elastic fibers. (D) Both cartilage and bones are connective tissues, but blood composed of blood cells and cell fragments in blood plasma is not. (E) Fibroblasts that secret proteins of extracellular matrix are one major cell type in connective tissue.

55. About human disorders due to chromosomal alterations, which of the following statements is INCORRECT? (A) Down’s syndrome is an aneuploid condition that results from three copies of chromosome 21. (B) Turner syndrome is the only known viable monosomy X in female human. (C) Klinefelter syndrome is the result of an extra chromosome in a male producing XXY individuals. (D) Certain cancers, including chronic myelogenous leukemia are caused by chromosome translocation. (E) cri du chat (“cry of the cat”) syndrome results from a specific duplication of chromosome 5.

57. About cell membrane, which of the following statements is NOT TRUE? (A) Cell membranes are fluid mosaics of lipid and proteins, and the phospholipid bilayer is the basic building block of the membrane. (B) Most of the phospholipids can shift about laterally in the plane of the membrane, but it is quite rare for phospholipids to flip-flop transversely across the membrane because the hydrophilic part of the molecule must cross the hydrophobic interior of the membrane. (C) Phospholipids with saturated hydrocarbon tail pack more tightly, therefore decreasing membrane fluidity and viscosity. (D) The presence of unsaturated hydrocarbon tails in phospholipids can enhance membrane fluidity, because unsaturated hydrocarbon tails cannot pack together as closely as saturated carbon tails. (E) The steroid cholesterol in the plasma membrane of animal cells can change membrane fluidity and this effect is temperature-dependent.

58. Based on the following 15 molecules, which of the following statements is NOT TRUE? (A) 11, 12, and 13 could be linked together to form a nucleotide. (B) 5 is an important component of plasma membrane. (C) 2, 7, and 8 are molecules act as building blocks (monomers) of polypeptides. (D) 3 molecules of 9 and 1 molecule of 10 could be joined together to form a fat. (E) 11 and 13 could be joined together by a phosphodiester type of covalent bond. 

59. About adrenal hormones, which of the following statements is NOT TRUE? (A) The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines including epinephrine and norepinephrine. (B) Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted in response to stress-activated hormone cascade pathway via hypothalamus. (C) The adrenal cortex releases a family of steroids called corticosteroids in response to stress. (D) Humans produce two types of corticosteroids: glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. (E) Both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids play an important role in regulating blood pressure and volume.

60. Which description is correct about virus infectious diseases? (A) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a mosquito-borne retrovirus that cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) of human. (B) Dengue virus has four serotypes that all are zoonoses pathogens that are transmitted from animal to human by vector mosquitoes. (C) Japanese encephalitis virus is a pathogen of zoonoses infectious disease that is transmitted between species from animal to human by vector mosquitoes. (D) H7N9 is an avian influenza virus also a subtype of influenza B virus. (E) Hepatitis B virus is a vector-borne virus that cause more than 80% infection in Taiwan.

61. Which option listed in below is INCORRECT that describe about "ATP synthesis"? (A) H+ ions flowing down their gradient enter a half channel in a stator, which is anchored in the membrane. (B) H+ ions enter binding site within a rotor, changing the shape of each subunit so that rotor spins within the membrane. (C) Each H+ ion makes one complete turn before leaving the rotor and passing through a second half channel in the stator into the mitochondrial matrix. (D) Spinning of the rotor causes an internal rod to spin as well. This rod extends like a stalk into the knob below it, which is held stationary by part of the stator. (E) Turning of the rod activates catalytic sites in the knob that produce ATP from AMP and Pi.

62. Birds and mammals both have negative pressure breathing, but birds are more efficient because of which of the following reasons? (A) The bird's mouth movements are able to force air into the lungs. (B) The tidal volume in birds is much larger than in a comparably sized mammal. (C) The flow of air in a bird's lungs is from posterior to anterior. (D) The brain of the bird maximizes oxygen uptake more efficiently. (E) The maximum PO2 is significantly higher in bird lungs.