59. About adrenal hormones, which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?
(A) The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamines including epinephrine and norepinephrine.
(B) Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted in response to stress-activated hormone cascade pathway via hypothalamus.
(C) The adrenal cortex releases a family of steroids called corticosteroids in response to stress.
(D) Humans produce two types of corticosteroids: glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids.
(E) Both glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids play an important role in regulating blood pressure and volume.

55. About human disorders due to chromosomal alterations, which of the following statements is INCORRECT? (A) Down’s syndrome is an aneuploid condition that results from three copies of chromosome 21. (B) Turner syndrome is the only known viable monosomy X in female human. (C) Klinefelter syndrome is the result of an extra chromosome in a male producing XXY individuals. (D) Certain cancers, including chronic myelogenous leukemia are caused by chromosome translocation. (E) cri du chat (“cry of the cat”) syndrome results from a specific duplication of chromosome 5.

56. Which of the following description of the genetic term is INCORRECT? (A) Epistasis is a type of gene interaction in which the phenotypic expression of one gene alters that of another independently inherited gene. (B) Codominance is a situation in which the phenotypes of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele. (C) Pleiotropy is the ability of a single gene to have multiple effects. (D) Epigenetic inheritance is the inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving the nucleotide sequence of a genome. (E) Polygenic inheritance is an addictive effect of two more genes on a single phenotype.

57. About cell membrane, which of the following statements is NOT TRUE? (A) Cell membranes are fluid mosaics of lipid and proteins, and the phospholipid bilayer is the basic building block of the membrane. (B) Most of the phospholipids can shift about laterally in the plane of the membrane, but it is quite rare for phospholipids to flip-flop transversely across the membrane because the hydrophilic part of the molecule must cross the hydrophobic interior of the membrane. (C) Phospholipids with saturated hydrocarbon tail pack more tightly, therefore decreasing membrane fluidity and viscosity. (D) The presence of unsaturated hydrocarbon tails in phospholipids can enhance membrane fluidity, because unsaturated hydrocarbon tails cannot pack together as closely as saturated carbon tails. (E) The steroid cholesterol in the plasma membrane of animal cells can change membrane fluidity and this effect is temperature-dependent.

58. Based on the following 15 molecules, which of the following statements is NOT TRUE? (A) 11, 12, and 13 could be linked together to form a nucleotide. (B) 5 is an important component of plasma membrane. (C) 2, 7, and 8 are molecules act as building blocks (monomers) of polypeptides. (D) 3 molecules of 9 and 1 molecule of 10 could be joined together to form a fat. (E) 11 and 13 could be joined together by a phosphodiester type of covalent bond. 

60. Which description is correct about virus infectious diseases? (A) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a mosquito-borne retrovirus that cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) of human. (B) Dengue virus has four serotypes that all are zoonoses pathogens that are transmitted from animal to human by vector mosquitoes. (C) Japanese encephalitis virus is a pathogen of zoonoses infectious disease that is transmitted between species from animal to human by vector mosquitoes. (D) H7N9 is an avian influenza virus also a subtype of influenza B virus. (E) Hepatitis B virus is a vector-borne virus that cause more than 80% infection in Taiwan.

61. Which option listed in below is INCORRECT that describe about "ATP synthesis"? (A) H+ ions flowing down their gradient enter a half channel in a stator, which is anchored in the membrane. (B) H+ ions enter binding site within a rotor, changing the shape of each subunit so that rotor spins within the membrane. (C) Each H+ ion makes one complete turn before leaving the rotor and passing through a second half channel in the stator into the mitochondrial matrix. (D) Spinning of the rotor causes an internal rod to spin as well. This rod extends like a stalk into the knob below it, which is held stationary by part of the stator. (E) Turning of the rod activates catalytic sites in the knob that produce ATP from AMP and Pi.

62. Birds and mammals both have negative pressure breathing, but birds are more efficient because of which of the following reasons? (A) The bird's mouth movements are able to force air into the lungs. (B) The tidal volume in birds is much larger than in a comparably sized mammal. (C) The flow of air in a bird's lungs is from posterior to anterior. (D) The brain of the bird maximizes oxygen uptake more efficiently. (E) The maximum PO2 is significantly higher in bird lungs.

63. Choose the INCORRECT description regarding the hearing system of human. (A) The cochlea can distinguish volume because the basilar membrane is not uniform along its length. (B) The ear conveys information to the brain about two important sound variables that are volume and pitch. (C) Three bones of the middle ear transmit the vibrations to the oval window. (D) The cochlea has two large canals, an upper vestibular canal and a lower tympanic canal, which separated by a smaller cochlear duct. (E) The hearing system of human is a mechanoreceptor system.

64. Which comment about "Global Climate Model" is INCORRECT? (A) Global climate patterns are determined largely by the input of solar energy and Earth’s movement in space. (B) Thermal energy from sunlight warms surface waters to whatever depth the sunlight penetrates, but the deeper waters reamin quite cold. (C) Many features in the environment influence microclimate by casting shade, altering evaporation from soil, or changing wind patterns. (D) Climatic variables affect the geographic ranges of most plants and animals, any large-scale change in Earth’s climate profoundly affect the biosphere. (E) Climate pattern can be modifed by many factors, including seasonal variation.

65. All of the followings have contributed to the diversity of organisms on the Hawaiian archipelago EXCEPT that (A) The islands are distant from the mainland. (B) Multiple invasions have occurred. (C) Adaptive radiation has occurred. (D) The islands are very young in geologic time. (E) Environmental conditions differ from one island to the next.