3. 動作電位的「全有或全無」(all-or-none)特性是由哪些離子通道的行為決定的?請描述上升期(rising phase)的機制。

二、翻譯題 Panic disorder, a complex anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent panic attacks, represents a poorly understood psychiatric condition which is associated with significant morbidity and an increased risk of suicide attempts and completed suicide. Recently however, neuroimaging and panic provocation challenge studies have provided insights into the pathoetiology of panic phenomena and have begun to elucidate potential neural mechanisms that may underlie panic attacks.

3. 動作電位的「全有或全無」(all-or-none)特性是由哪些離子通道的行為決定的?請描述上升期(rising phase)的機制。

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