複選題

27. Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events. Which of the following statements regarding signal transduction are CORRECT?
(A) Intracellular signals can be triggered by proteins with enzymetic activity such as kinases or phosphatases
(B) Proteins can be phosphorylated at histidine, tyrosine or serine residues
(C) Adaptor proteins usually undergo phosphorylation and provide a docking sites for other signal mediators
(D) Src homology domain 2 (SH2) binds to proline-rich containing proteins
(E) Calcium is a well-known second messenger

複選題23. Mitochondria are the power plant of the cells that produce ATP for maintain cell homeostasis. Other than bioenergy what else do mitochondria do in the cells. (A) Regulate signal transduction (B) Regulate apoptosis (C) Regulate the functions of immune cells (D) Regulate reactive oxygen species (E) Regulate metabolism

24. CRISPR-Cas9 is a breakthrough of technology for genome editing. Which statements regarding CRISPR-Cas9 are NOT CORRECT? (A) Cas9 is an RNAse originally identified in bacteria (B) CRISPR sequences can be served as a guide to recognize and cleave specific strands of DNA (C) The mechanism of CRISPR-Cas9-meidated genome editing is working through dsDNA break and induced repair system in the host cells (D) CRISPR-Cas9 can only be used to generate knockout mice but not knockin mice (E) CRISPR-Cas9 can target multiple genes at a time

複選題25. Regarding reverse transcriptase, which statements are NOT CORRECT? (A) It has DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity (B) It has RNA-dependent DNA polymerase activity (C) It is an important enzyme for doing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (D) It has no proof-reading activity and therefore is error-prone (E) It was originally identified in Adenovirus

複選題26. Molecules involved in cell cycle controls cell growth. Which statements regarding cell cycle are CORRECT? (A) There are 5 different phases, namely G0, G1, S, G2, and M (B) DNA content in both G2 and M phase is twice as much as G1 (C) There are two major checkpoints namely G1/S and G2/M checkpoints which ensure that everything is ready for DNA synthesis and mitosis, respectively (D) CDK is inactive in the absence of cyclin (E) DNA damage-induced cell cycle arrest is due to the induction of p53 and its downstream genes such as CDK inhibitors.

28. Apoptosis is a programmed cell death that plays a key role in physiology and pathology. Which statements regarding apoptosis is NOT CORRECT? (A) Starvation is a trigger for the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis (B) Bcl2 is anti-apoptotic molecule in intrinsic pathway of apoptosis (C) Caspase 3 is the initiator caspase for both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis (D) Cytochrome c release from mitochondria is a hallmark for intrinsic pathway (E) Apoptotic cells will be rapidly engulfed by macrophages and induce inflammation

複選題29. Red-green (RG) color blindness is one of the most common X-linked recessive disorders. If a mother is a carrier of RG color blindness, what would be the probability of her kids to show the symptom? (A) 100% for all baby boys (B) 50% for all baby boys (C) 100% for baby girls (D) 50% for baby girls (E) 0% for baby girls

複選題30. Biomembrane provides a margin and a fixed environment for a cell or an organelle inside the cell. Which of the following statements regarding biomembrane are CORRECT? (A) Usually a biomembrane consists of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins (B) The biomembrane of mitochodria and ER are unique in that they have double membranes (C) The distribution of phospholipid in the inner and outer leaflet of the plasma membrane is arranged in a symmetric manner (D) Autophagy is an adaptation process in which cell components are removed through autophagolysosome which contains double membrane  (E) When cells undergo apoptosis phosphatidyl serine will exposed to outer leaflet of plasma membrane

複選題31. Which of the following(s) is/are NOT the isotype(s) of antibodies? (A) IgA (B) IgM (C) IgH (D) IgB (E) IgG

32. Which of the following organism(s) is/are NOT used as biological model(s) in studying biology in vivo? (A) Zebra fishes (B) Chimpanzees (C) Guinea pigs (D) Human (E) Fruit flies

複選題33. Which of the following description(s) is/are CORRECT? (A) A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease. (B) There are four types of COVID-19 vaccines in clinical trials: whole virus particles, protein subunits, viral vector and nucleic acids. (C) COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. (D) Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasitic worms, insects and snakes are all belonged to pathogens. (E) Allergy is a kind of immune disease.