複選題

51. Which of the following statements about diseases associated with mitochondrial gene mutations and affected electron transport chain complexes are incorrect?
(A) Leigh Syndrome causes difficulty swallowing and decreased motor abilities→only complex I
(B) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy results in cardiac enlargement and degeneration→ only complex III and IV
(C) Pearson Syndrome leads to sideroblastic anemia → only complex I and IV
(D) Kearns-Sayre syndrome causes ophthalmoplegia and ragged red fibers →only complex I and IV and IV

47. The amount of a protein in a cell is regulated by the rate of (A) transcription of its gene. (B) translation of its mRNA. (C) degradation of the protein. (D) All of the above

48. Release of RNA polymerase II to initiate transcription appears to be the direct result of the (A) binding of TAFs to the polymerase. (B)unwinding of the DNA by helicases. (C) phosphorylation of RNA polymerase by a protein kinase. (D) removal of the nucleosome occupying the promoter site.

複選題49. What are some diseases caused by vitamin deficiencies that affect the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex? (A) vit. B1– cheilosis, angular stomatitis (B) niacin –pellagra (C) pantothenic acid – fatigue, insomnia, depression, irritability (D) riboflavin – Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, beriberi

複選題50. In the case of a patient with liver cirthosis who also indulges in alcohol consumption, which of the following physiological states might be observed? Which of the following statements could be correct? (A) The first step in alcohol metabolism requires pyruvate decarboxylase, and patients may benefit from additional thiamine supplementation. (B) The thiazole ring of TPP serves as the functional moiety of the coenzyme, facilitating the binding and transfer of active aldehyde. These steps do not require ATP. (C) Alcohol dehydrogenase is present in animal tissues, even though ethanol is not a primary metabolic product in animal cells. (D) Acetaldehyde and its metabolite do not pose toxicity to animals.

複選題52. Among the following carbohydrates, glucose transport proteins, and specific tissue cell functions, which statement is/are incorrect? (A) GLUT1 - galactose- kidney cells and intestinal epithelial cells (B) GLUT2 - fructose - intestinal and renal tubular basolateral epithelial cells, liver cells (C) GLUT4 - glucose - brain, placenta, testes (D) GLUT7 - fructose - membrane of endoplasmic reticulum in liver cells

複選題53. In the movie "Extraordinary Measures," Harrison Ford portrays a character who admires Dr. Chen Yuan-Tong, an academician renowned for his work in solving the puzzle of Pompe discase. Pompe disease is a rare genetic disorder that causes muscle weakness that progressively worsens over time. Dr. Chen Yuan-Tong was able to solve the mystery of Pompe disease by using Lorenzo's oil. Could you identify which of the following mechanisms and deficiency enzymes are incorrect based on Pompe disease? (A) muscle-type of the glycogen phosphorylase, GSD-V (B) acid alpha-glucosidase, GSD-II (C) allows glycogen to build up to toxic levels in the lysosome (D) a deficiency in liver glycogen phosphorylase

複選題54. Which the following descriptions of carbohydrate metabolism disorders are correct? (A) Lactose intolerance–Fermentation of lactose produces methane and hydrogen in the small intestine. (B) Galactosemia–Caused by GALT deficiency, resulting in growth retardation, liver failure, and sepsis in newborns. (C) Fructosia–A condition inherited in a dominant manner, caused by fructokinase deficiency, also known as essential fructosuria. (D) Sorbital accumulation–Manifests as cataracts, retinopathy, and peripheral neuropathy.

複選題55. Palace battle dramas often depict a ritual where two people mix their blood, if it coagulates, then they are considered related. However, in scientific practice, blood types are dctermined by identifying blood antigens. Which statements are incorrect regarding blood types? (A) O type–recognized by H antigen (B) A type– galactosamine (GIcN) conjugated by galactosamine transferase on H antigen (C) B type –D-glucuronic acid (GIcA) conjugated by glucuronosyl transferases on H antigen (D) AB type– recognized by A, B and H antigen

複選題56. Which of the following statements are incorrect in describing a biochemical process or phenomenon related to ketone bodies? (A) Legal reaction allows the testing of acetoacetate and nitroferricyanide's purple complex under acidic conditions. (B) In acute diabetic ketoacidosis, the ratio of β-hydroxybutyrate: acetoacetate=10:1 in plasma. (C)During starvation, a low ratio of NADHNAD+ inhibits the ICA cycle and increases ketone body production. (D) in the brain, one acetoacetate molecule yields two acety1 CoA molecules, resulting in 24 ATP production at the end of the TCA cycle.

複選題57. Which statements accurately describe the physiological activity of eicosanoids in the arachidonic acid pathway? (A) Corticosteroids inhibit phospholipase A2, resulting in decreased levels of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. (B) Leukotrienes (LT) promotes the contraction of smooth muscle, contraction of airway, trachea, and small intestine, and increascs microvascular permeability, leading to edema. (C) Rofecoxib, a selective COX-II inhibitor, was withdrawn from the market due to its concurrent production of thromboxane while generating PGI2, resulting in myocardial infarction. (D) PGE2 (Prostaglandin E2) is commonly used as a labor-inducing agent in clinical practice mainly because it promotes the contraction of uterine smooth muscles, thereby initiating uterine contractions and facilitating the progression of labor.