複選題
54. Which the following descriptions of carbohydrate metabolism disorders are correct?
(A) Lactose intolerance–Fermentation of lactose produces methane and hydrogen in the small intestine.
(B) Galactosemia–Caused by GALT deficiency, resulting in growth retardation, liver failure, and sepsis in newborns.
(C) Fructosia–A condition inherited in a dominant manner, caused by fructokinase deficiency, also known as essential fructosuria.
(D) Sorbital accumulation–Manifests as cataracts, retinopathy, and peripheral neuropathy.

複選題50. In the case of a patient with liver cirthosis who also indulges in alcohol consumption, which of the following physiological states might be observed? Which of the following statements could be correct? (A) The first step in alcohol metabolism requires pyruvate decarboxylase, and patients may benefit from additional thiamine supplementation. (B) The thiazole ring of TPP serves as the functional moiety of the coenzyme, facilitating the binding and transfer of active aldehyde. These steps do not require ATP. (C) Alcohol dehydrogenase is present in animal tissues, even though ethanol is not a primary metabolic product in animal cells. (D) Acetaldehyde and its metabolite do not pose toxicity to animals.

複選題51. Which of the following statements about diseases associated with mitochondrial gene mutations and affected electron transport chain complexes are incorrect? (A) Leigh Syndrome causes difficulty swallowing and decreased motor abilities→only complex I (B) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy results in cardiac enlargement and degeneration→ only complex III and IV (C) Pearson Syndrome leads to sideroblastic anemia → only complex I and IV (D) Kearns-Sayre syndrome causes ophthalmoplegia and ragged red fibers →only complex I and IV and IV

複選題52. Among the following carbohydrates, glucose transport proteins, and specific tissue cell functions, which statement is/are incorrect? (A) GLUT1 - galactose- kidney cells and intestinal epithelial cells (B) GLUT2 - fructose - intestinal and renal tubular basolateral epithelial cells, liver cells (C) GLUT4 - glucose - brain, placenta, testes (D) GLUT7 - fructose - membrane of endoplasmic reticulum in liver cells

複選題53. In the movie "Extraordinary Measures," Harrison Ford portrays a character who admires Dr. Chen Yuan-Tong, an academician renowned for his work in solving the puzzle of Pompe discase. Pompe disease is a rare genetic disorder that causes muscle weakness that progressively worsens over time. Dr. Chen Yuan-Tong was able to solve the mystery of Pompe disease by using Lorenzo's oil. Could you identify which of the following mechanisms and deficiency enzymes are incorrect based on Pompe disease? (A) muscle-type of the glycogen phosphorylase, GSD-V (B) acid alpha-glucosidase, GSD-II (C) allows glycogen to build up to toxic levels in the lysosome (D) a deficiency in liver glycogen phosphorylase

複選題55. Palace battle dramas often depict a ritual where two people mix their blood, if it coagulates, then they are considered related. However, in scientific practice, blood types are dctermined by identifying blood antigens. Which statements are incorrect regarding blood types? (A) O type–recognized by H antigen (B) A type– galactosamine (GIcN) conjugated by galactosamine transferase on H antigen (C) B type –D-glucuronic acid (GIcA) conjugated by glucuronosyl transferases on H antigen (D) AB type– recognized by A, B and H antigen

複選題56. Which of the following statements are incorrect in describing a biochemical process or phenomenon related to ketone bodies? (A) Legal reaction allows the testing of acetoacetate and nitroferricyanide's purple complex under acidic conditions. (B) In acute diabetic ketoacidosis, the ratio of β-hydroxybutyrate: acetoacetate=10:1 in plasma. (C)During starvation, a low ratio of NADHNAD+ inhibits the ICA cycle and increases ketone body production. (D) in the brain, one acetoacetate molecule yields two acety1 CoA molecules, resulting in 24 ATP production at the end of the TCA cycle.

複選題57. Which statements accurately describe the physiological activity of eicosanoids in the arachidonic acid pathway? (A) Corticosteroids inhibit phospholipase A2, resulting in decreased levels of prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. (B) Leukotrienes (LT) promotes the contraction of smooth muscle, contraction of airway, trachea, and small intestine, and increascs microvascular permeability, leading to edema. (C) Rofecoxib, a selective COX-II inhibitor, was withdrawn from the market due to its concurrent production of thromboxane while generating PGI2, resulting in myocardial infarction. (D) PGE2 (Prostaglandin E2) is commonly used as a labor-inducing agent in clinical practice mainly because it promotes the contraction of uterine smooth muscles, thereby initiating uterine contractions and facilitating the progression of labor.

複選題58. Which statements regarding hyperlipidemia are incorrect? (A) Type I: Children can inherit this from their parents, and it usually presents when people are young. Type I disrupts how the body breaks down fats, leading to a severe buildup of VLDL. (B)Type Ila: Also known as familial hypercholesterolemia, this type occurs due to a ge and causes both high cholesterol and high triglycerides. Type IIb: A variation in a specific (C) Type Ⅲ: An increase in intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDI) sets type IIl apart. This type is gene causes high levels of LDL cholesterol. genetic and affects how the body breaks down lipids, causing them to build up. (D) Iype IV: This type usually leads to increased VLDL and triglycerides but normal cholesterol. The major reason is the deficiency of apoE.

複選題59. Consider the symptoms associated with bile duct obstruction due to gallstones: patients often present with upper abdominal pain, fever, and potential inflammation. Some individuals may experience gencralized abdominal discomfort without clear localization. Based on physiological characteristics and possible biochemical mechanisms, which statements accurately explain these observations? (A) Bile acids form covalent bonds with glycine through an amide linkage, raising their pKa value and augmenting their emulsifying properties. (B) Cholesterol can undergo metabolism to produce 7α-hydroxycholesterol catalyzed by cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase, a process that is expedited by elevated levels of bile acids. (C) Cholcstyranine is not a resorption resin binding to bile acid to enhance elimination. However, cholestyramine may bind to vit. A, D, E, K and inhibit their absorption. (D) Bile salts are metabolized by bacteria in the small intestine to form secondary bile acids. Oral administration of ursodeoxycholic acid, a secondary bile acid, can aid in dissolving cholesterol in bile, thereby dissolving gallstones ranging from small to medium in size.

複選題60. Which pairs of the disease correlated the hormone metabolism are correct? (A) Conn syndrome - progesterone →→aldosterone (B) Cussing syndrome - 17-a-hydroxyprogesterone  →→cortisol (C) Benign prostatic hyperplasia - testosterone →→ dihydrotestosterone (D) Virilism - pregnenolone  →→ 11-deoxycorticosterone