11. Based on the Human Genome Project (HGP), which category of regions exists the smallest amount of our total DNA?
(A) Repetitive DNA that includes transposable elements and related sequences
(B) Repetitive DNA unrelated to transposable elements
(C) Unique noncoding DNA
(D) Exons that include regions of genes coding for proteins
(E) Introns and regulatory sequences

24. Which of the following polysaccharides contains sulfate groups? (A) heparin (B) hyaluronic acid (C) peptidoglycan (D) chitin (E) None of the above

25. In humans, uric acid is an end product in the metabolism of________. (A) Amino acids (B) Phospholipids (C) Purines (D) Pyrimidines (E) Cholesterol

26. Which of the following statements about miRNAs and siRNAs is FALSE? (A) miRNAs can block the translation of mRNA. (B) miRNAs is a non-coding RNA. (C) miRNAs and siRNAs promote mRNA degradation. (D) RNA polymerase II regulates the expression of miRNA gene. (E) Drosha is involved in the processing of miRNAs and siRNAs

27. In aerobic state, the reaction of glycolysis (one molecule of glucose) produces________. (A) two molecules of pyruvate, four molecules of ATP, and two molecules NADH miRNAs can block the translation of mRNA (B) two molecules of pyruvate, two molecules of ATP, and four molecules NADH (C) two molecules of pyruvate, two molecules of ATP, and three molecules NAD+ (D) two molecules of pyruvate, two molecules of ATP, and two molecules NADH (E) two molecules of pyruvate, two molecules of ATP, and two molecules NAD+

28. Spike (S) is a glycoprotein found on the surface of coronaviruses. S protein has 1273 residues in SARS-CoV-2 and has a molecular weight of 180–200 kDa. Based on the above information, we know that________. (A) the SARS-CoV-2 has a genome of 29,881 bp in length (B) the expressed S protein from E. coli would have a molecular weight around 140 kDa (C) S protein is a dimmer (D) S protein binds to the host cell by recognizing the receptor ACE2 (E) S protein plays a key role in cell membrane fusion process

29. Which of the following pairs about the accumulated molecules and metabolic disorder is NOT correct? (A) Homogentisate - Alkaptonuria (B) Tyrosine - Phenylketouria (C) Homocysteine - Homocystinuria (D) Branched-chain α-keto acids - Maple syrup urine disease (E) Uric acid - Gout

30. The following statements about DNA replication is E. coli are correct except: (A) Both leading strand and lagging strand require primer. (B) DNA polymerase adds a new nucleotide to the free 3’OH of the existing nucleic acid. (C) The principal replication enzyme is DNA polymerase I. (D) It also has a 3’5’ exonuclease activity. (E) It is a processive enzyme.

31. Based on the biological species concept, reproductive isolation is a key factor of speciation. Which of the following is NOT a “prezygotic reproductive barrier”? (A) Habitat isolation (B) Mechanical isolation (C) Hybrid breakdown (D) Behavioral isolation (E) Temporal isolation

32. The virus causes COVID-19 disease. This virus is ________. (A) double-strand DNA virus (B) single-strand RNA virus (C) single-strand DNA virus (D) similar to λ phage (E) naked RNA virus

33. Which of the following creatures will be the best outgroup if you are reconstructing a phylogenetic tree of cats using cladistics? (A) domestic cats (B) leopards (C) lions (D) tigers (E) wolves

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