12. A major psychological hypothesis regarding the onset of panic involves
(A) a fundamental problem with breathing control.
(B) difficulties in relaxing.
(C) a concern with, and misinterpretation of, bodily sensations.
(D) excessive attempts to relax that fail.

1. The best definition of mental disorder takes all of the following into account EXCEPT: (A) personal distress. (B) violation of social norms. (C) disability. (D) syndromes.

2. Newer CBT treatments differ from the original CBT treatments in that they emphasize all of the following EXCEPT: (A) spirituality. (B) values. (C) emotions. (D) rational thoughts.

3. Amy experienced extreme pain at the dentist as a child. Now she goes to a different dentist, but feels her heart race when she arrives, and go down when she leaves. Her heart racing whenever she goes to the dentist is due to ________, and the calming feeling when she leaves is due to ________. (A) classical conditioning, operant conditioning. (B) operant conditioning, classical conditioning. (C) classical conditioning, social learning. (D) operant conditioning, social learning.

4. When discussing heritability, it is important to keep in mind all of the following EXCEPT: (A) heritability estimates range from 0.0 to 1.0. (B) the higher the heritability value, the greater the heritability. (C) heritability is relevant for a particular individual. (D) heritability is relevant for large populations. 

5. In early adulthood, a process known as _____ occurs in which cell connections in the brain are eliminated. (A) honing (B) pruning (C) linkage analysis (D) a gene-environment interaction

6. You are relying on a dimensional classification scheme and work with individuals who struggle with delusions. Your diagnoses are going to be based upon the __________ of delusions. (A) presence or absence (B) social consequences (C) underlying cause (D) severity

7. Dr. Wang has been treating someone with an unusual combination of symptoms. He notes that there is no published research on such a combination of symptoms, and considers developing a case study. How would Dr. Wang conduct this study? (A) Try to find other cases like the one he is treating. (B) Gather detailed historical and biographical information on this single individual. (C) Examine treatment response using an open design. (D) Withhold treatment in an effort to fully understand the significance of symptoms.

8. Psychopathologists rely upon correlational research since (A) it is effective in determining cause and effect. (B) many of the variables they wish to study cannot be manipulated. (C) ethical considerations prevent them from doing case studies. (D) they cannot measure all the constructs.

9. If Stephanie is characterized as a person high in neuroticism, she (A) is not likely to become depressed, but likely to become anxious. (B) is at elevated risk for developing depression. (C) is likely to experience low levels of anxiety, but high levels of depression. (D) is most likely clinically depressed.

10. In the past year, Jenny has had three depressive episodes and two manic episodes. Which of the following DSM-5 diagnoses would best fit Jenny? (A) bipolar I disorder -- rapid cycling specifier (B) bipolar II disorder -- rapid cycling specifier (C) cyclothymia (D) major depressive disorder -- rapid cycling specifier 

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