12. Which molecule is correctly paired with its function?
(A) glucocorticoids–decrease blood glucose
(B) nitric oxide–increases blood flow into the penis
(C) parathyroid hormone–lowers blood calcium
(D) aldosterone–increases sodium excretion by kidneys
(E) norepinephrine–reduces heart rate

8. The sheep Dolly was cloned by which of the following processes? (A) isolation of stem cells from a lamb embryo and production of a zygote equivalent (B) transfer of an adult cell's nucleus into an enucleated sheep egg, followed by incubation in a surrogate (C) separation of an early-stage sheep blastula into separate cells, one of which was incubated in a surrogate sheep (D) replication and dedifferentiation of adult stem cells from sheep bone marrow (E) the nucleus of an embryonic cell was used to replace the nucleus of an adult cell, which was incubated in a surrogate sheep

9. The insulin gene is transcriptionally expressed in certain pancreatic cells, but not in skin cells. Which statement best explains this? (A) Pancreas cells express an activator protein that binds the insulin enhancer. (B) Pancreas cells have more enhancers in the insulin gene. (C) The insulin genes in pancreatic cells and skin cells have different promoters and, therefore, they respond to different regulatory proteins. (D) Skin cells lack an enhancer in the insulin gene. (E) Skin cells lack the insulin gene.

10. What is the correct sequence in which the following occur during a primary humoral immune response?   1. helper T cell activation； 2. B cell activation； 3. plasma cell differentiation and proliferation； 4. antibody secretion； 5. presentation of antigen on class II MHC proteins (A) 5,2,1,4,3 (B) 4,5,2,1,3 (C) 4,5,3,1,2 (D) 5,2,1, 3, 4 (E) 5,1,2,3,4

11. When the admissions committee asks you questions, you hear, understand, and then reply to them. To accomplish this process, what is the correct order of the areas of the cerebral cortex that were used?1. auditory association area 2. Wernicke's area3. premotor area4. primary motor area5. primary auditory area6. Broca's area (A) 5,1,6,2,3,4 (B) 1,5,2,6,3,4 (C) 5,1,2,6,3.4 (D) 1,5,6,2,3,4 (E) 5,1,2,6,4,3 

13. Which of the following accurately characterizes evolution? (A) Evolution involves organisms evolving towards greater complexity. (B) Genetic changes occur in populations across generations. (C) Genctic drift favors the most abundant traits. (D) Individuals adapt to environmental changes over time. 

14. Which observation about a population would NOT violate the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg principle? (A) UV radiation induces new mutations. (B) Individuals have migration. (C) Inbreeding is present. (D) Population size is very big.

15. Which of the following describes a similarity between fungi and arthropods? (A) The haploid state is dominant in both groups. (B) Both groups are predominantly autotrophs that produce their own food. (C) Both groups use chitin for support. (D) Both groups have cell walls.

16. Moss, liverwort, and hornwort cannot grow as tall individuals because (A) they don't have chlorophyll. (B) they don't develop vascular bundles to deliver water. (C) the efficiency of photosynthesis is slow. (D) their life cycle cannot make them taller.

17. What's the fundamental idea of the biological species concept proposed by Emst Mayr? (A) homology isolation (B) disruptive isolation (C) convergent isolation (D) reproductive isolation

18. Which structure/cell in angiosperm is diploid (2n)? (A) endosperms (B) pollen (C) megasporocyte (D) egg