12. Which of the following molecules and ions does NOT act as secondary messenger in signaling pathways?
(A) cAMP
(B) receptor tyrosine kinase
(C) inositol triphosphate
(D) diacylglycerol
(E) calcium

51. Which of the following statements about genetically modification is FALSE? (A) Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) maize is a genetically modified organism (GMO) with a transgene encoding Bt toxin, which can prevent maize from insect feeding. (B) Golden rice is a GMO created to address vitamin A deficiency. (C) Soil bacteria Agrobacterium is commonly used as a tool for transferring exogenous genes into plants for GMO generation. (D) Purple sweet potatoes are GMOs in which anthocyanin biosynthetic genes are overexpressed. (E) Papaya in Hawaii is genetically engineered for resistance to a ringspot virus.

52. Which of the following statements is TRUE for Gram-negative bacteria? (A) Gram-negative bacteria cell wall is lack of lipopolysaccharide. (B) Gram-negative bacteria generally contain a capsule outside the cell wall. (C) Gram-negative bacteria contain endotoxin, whereas Gram-positive bacteria do not. (D) Gram-negative bacteria show a darker color than Gram-positive bacteria. (E) Gram-negative bacteria have thicker peptidoglycan than Gram-positive bacteria.

53. Which of the following organs is specialized root in plants? (A) rhizome (B) stolon (C) tuber (D) pneumatophore (E) petiole

54. Which of the following cells abundantly express both the MHC I and MHC II molecules? (A) macrophage and dendritic cell (B) macrophage and neutrophil (C) B lymphocyte and macrophage (D) B lymphocyte and neutrophil (E) neutrophil and dendritic cell

【已刪除】55. Which of the following characteristics are common in archaea and bacteria?① composition of the cell wall② absence of histones③ lack of a nuclear envelope④ presence of introns in genes⑤ presence of RNA polymerase(A) ①③④ (B) ②③④⑤ (C) ②④⑤(D) ②③④ (E) 一律給分

56. Which of the following hormones triggers the adrenal gland to promote the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrates in response to stress? (A) aldosterone (B) epinephrine (C) cortisol (D) glucocorticoid (E) adrenocorticotropic hormone

57. Which of the following hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary? (A) prolactin, oxytocin (B) oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone (C) luteinizing hormone, prolactin (D) follicle-stimulating hormone, oxytocin (E) antidiuretic hormone, prolactin

複選題58. Which part of the digestive tract secretes appetite suppressant to counter appetite stimulant? (A) stomach (B) pancreas (C) liver (D) small intestine (E) duodenum

59. Which kind of fungus commonly causes athlete's foot? (A) Ascomycetes (B) Basidiomycetes (C) Mucoromycetes (D) Oomycetes (E) Zoopagomycetes

60. Which of the following concepts is illustrated by a phylogenetic tree that depicts the evolutionary relationships among various species? (A) the morphological similarities among species (B) the biochemical pathways shared by different species (C) the reproductive mechanisms of different species (D) the geographical distribution of species (E) the evolutionary history and lineage of organisms

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