14.下列基因突變何者與蘭格罕氏細胞組織球增生（Langerhans cell histiocytosis）最有關係？
(A)H-ras
(B)BRAF
(C)c-myc
(D)BCR-ABL

A)
Spitz nevus (Benign Juvenile Melanoma/Spindle and Epithelioid cell nevus)--HRAS mutations
conventional melanocytic nevi and melanomas--BRAF mutations
<Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology 4e p354>

B)  BRAF mutations have been identified in 40% to 60% of Langerhans cell histiocytosis lesions
<Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology 4e p550>

• 補充課本其他有出現BRAF的病
  
  • BRAF is a protooncogene that encodes a serine/threonine kinase involved in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, which mediates cell proliferation and differentiation
  • 80% of acquired melanocytic nevi  (p351)
  • conventional melanocytic nevi and melanomas (p354)
  • blue nevi typically exhibit mutations in the GNAQ gene (which encodes a G-protein alpha subunit important for signal transduction from cell-surface receptors) and only rarely harbor BRAF mutations (p354.355)
  • approximately 50% of melanomas possess mutations in the gene encoding BRAF, a protein kinase involved in the Ras/ Raf/MEK/MAPK pathway (p401)

C) Burkitt lymphoma is characterized by one of several specific translocations, the most common being t(8;14 (q24;q32), that results in overexpression of the oncogene c-myc, an event that presumably drives the neoplastic proliferation
<Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology 4e p561>


D)chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)--Philadelphia chromosome , t(22,9),  BCR-ABL gene
-->一線二線藥物: BCR-ABL tyrosinekinase inhibitors, such as dasatinib and nilotinib
<Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology 4e p547-549>