18. Lower-level managers typically confront ________.
(A) unstructured problems
(B) programmed decisions
(C) new and unusual problems
(D) nonprogrammed decisions

1. A series of eight steps that begins with identifying a problem and concludes with evaluating a decision's effectiveness is known as ________. (A) a decision-tree analysis (B) decision support theory (C) the decision-making process (D) a decision information system

2. Which of the following statements is true concerning problem identification? (A) Generally, what is a problem for one manager is a problem for all other managers. (B) Effectively identifying problems is not easy. (C) A symptom and a problem are one and the same. (D) Problems are generally obvious.

3. To determine the ________, a manager must determine what is relevant or important to resolving a problem. (A) escalation of commitment (B) bounded rationality of a decision (C) weight of the decision criteria (D) decision criteria

4. Max is planning on going away to college next year and is currently trying to figure out which colleges he should apply to. He would like to major in English Literature at an accredited liberal arts college, but is also looking for a university that offers financial aid. In terms of the decisionmaking process, these represent Max's ________. (A) alternatives (B) problems (C) heuristics (D) decision criteria

5. Creativity is most essential in which of the following steps of the decision-making process? (A) developing alternatives (B) allocating weights to the decision criteria (C) identifying decision criteria (D) analyzing alternatives

6. Which of the following is important in effectively implementing the chosen alternative in the decision-making process? (A) evaluating each alternative by using the established criteria (B) being creative while implementing the alternatives (C) ignoring criticism concerning your chosen alternative (D) allowing those impacted by the outcome to participate in the process

7. Managers are assumed to use ________ if they make logical and consistent choices to maximize value. (A) rational decision making (B) bounded rationality (C) intuitive decision making (D) evidence-based management

8. Which of the following is NOT a valid assumption about rationality? (A) The decision maker accepts a solution that is good enough. (B) The decision maker is logical in his approach. (C) The problem is clear and unambiguous. (D) A single, well-defined goal is to be achieved.

9. Managers cannot possibly analyze all information on all alternatives, they tend to ________, rather than ________. (A) satisfice； maximize (B) neutralize； satisfice (C) satisfice； neutralize (D) maximize； satisfice

10. Toby is hunting for a new apartment. He is specifically looking for one that is located in the heart of the city and should be available for $600 per month. However, Toby is also willing to pay up to $850 per month for a place that is situated slighted away from the city center. According to him, the second option "will also do." This is an example of ________. (A) rational decision making (B) bounded rationality (C) non linear thinking (D) intuitive decision making

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