2. Which of the following characteristics is unlikely due to sexual selection?
(A) Frog singing
(B) Spermcompetition
(C) Courtship dance
(D) Flower fragrance
(E) Chameleon Camouflage

1. To define a species, the biological species concept would require information related to (A) Genome sequence (B) Sexual reproduction (C) Phylogenic tree (D) Living environment (E) Morphology

3. Visual pigment rhodopsin is a(n) (A) Ion channel (B) Enzyme (C) Chaperone (D) G protein-coupled receptors (E) None of above

4. Microglia functions in (A) circulating cerebrospinal fluid (B) structural support for neurons (C) axon myelination (D)immune responses (E) All ofabove

5. The "fight or flight" responses are mainly induced by ________system.(A) Autonomic (B) Somatic (C) Sympathetic (D) Parasympathetic (E) Enteric

6.Which hormone is induced by neonatal suckling and triggers release of milk from the mammary glands?  (A) Oxytocin (B) Vasopressin (C) Serotonin (D) Insulin (E) Estrogen

7. Which of the following hormone is not released from the pituitary gland? (A) Antidiuretic hormone (B) Follicle-stimulating hormone (C) Prolactin (D) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (E) Thyroid hormone

8.Which of the following is not a main function of kidney (A) Ion balance (B) Blood pressure control (C) pH balance (D) Thermal balance (E) Hormone production

9. The offspring of horse and donkey is viable but sterile. This belongs to which of the following reproductive barriers? (A) Prezygotic barrier, gametic isolation (B) Prezygotic barrier, reduced hybrid fertility(C)Prezygotic barrier, hybrid breakdown(D)Postzygotic barrier, gametic isolation (E) Postzygotic barrier, reduced hybrid fertility

10. Which of the following descriptions about phosphorus cycle is NOT correct?(A)Over-enrichment of phosphate in both fresh and inshore marine waters can cause massive algae blooms that lead to eutrophication. (B) In terrestrial systems, bioavailable phosphorus mainly comes from weathering of phosphorus-containing rocks (C) Microbial and plant growths depend on the degradation rate of organic phosphorus to free inorganic phosphate by various enzymes such as phosphatases, nucleases and phytase. (D) Human interference in the phosphorus cycle occurs by overuse or careless use of phosphorus fertilizers. (E) Using animal manure in poorly drained soils to improve the soil fertility helps phosphorus cycle.

11. Which of the following descriptions about nitrogen cycle is NOT correct? (A) The nitrogenous wastes in animal urine are broken down by denitrifying bacteria. (B) Nitrous oxide (NzO), carbon dioxide and methane are greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming. (C) Nitrous oxide (N2O) has risen in the atmosphere as a result of agricultural fertilization, biomass burning, cattle and feedlots, and industrial sources. (D) Atmospheric ammonia and nitrous oxides contribute to smog and acid rain, damage plants and increase nitrogen inputs to ecosystems. (E) Nitrogen cannot be utilized by phytoplankton as nitrogen gas (N2) so it must undergo nitrogen fixation which is performed predominately

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