21. What is the psychological orientation of a decision maker who makes a "maximin" choice?
(A) optimist
(B) pessimist
(C) idealist
(D) realist

17. Nonprogrammed decisions ________. (A) are associated with clear and specific goals (B) are unique and nonrecurring (C) involve standardized solutions (D) are usually made by lower-level managers

18. Lower-level managers typically confront ________. (A) unstructured problems (B) programmed decisions (C) new and unusual problems (D) nonprogrammed decisions

19. If an individual knows the price of three similar cars at different dealerships, he is operating under which of the following decision-making conditions? (A) risk (B) certainty (C) speculation (D) suppositio

20. Which of the following best describes the psychological orientation of an individual making a "maximax" choice? (A) cynic (B) optimist (C) defeatist (D) pessimist

22. The ________ thinking style is characterized by a person's preference for using external data and facts and processing this information through rational, logical thinking to guide decisions and actions. (A) organic (B) behavioral (C) linear (D) normative

23. Rules of thumb that managers use to simplify decision making are known as ________. (A) folksonomies (B) heuristics (C) sophisms (D) algorithms

24. The ________ describes how decision makers fixate on initial information as a starting point and then, once set, fail to adequately adjust for subsequent information. (A) selective perception effect (B) anchoring effect (C) confirmation bias (D) framing bias

25. When decision makers seek out information that reaffirms their past choices and discount information that contradicts past judgments, they are exhibiting the ________. (A) availability bias (B) representation bias (C) confirmation bias (D) framing bias

26. The ________ happens when decisions makers tend to remember events that are the most recent and vivid in their memory. (A) representation bias (B) self-serving bias (C) availability bias (D) randomness bias

27. Sarah's sales figures show that she has been the top performer in her department for the last eight months. Two months prior to her annual performance review, Sarah's sales numbers fell due to her ill health causing her manager to rate her performance as just satisfactory. This is an example of the ________. (A) randomness bias (B) self-serving bias (C) representation bias (D) availability bias