5. Which of the following plant pigments mostly absorb red and far-red light to regulate plant responses, including seed germination and shade avoidance?
(A) Phytochrome
(B) Phototropin
(C) Cryptochrome
(D) ZEITLUPE
(E) UVR8

1. Which of the following descriptions about brown algae is NOT correct? (A) They are the smallest and least complex algae. (B) They are multicellular and mostly marine. (C) They contain chlorophylls and carotenoids in their plastids for photosynthesis (D)Some species, such as Japanese "kombu", are eaten as human food. (E)Their cell walls contain gel-forming polysaccharides called algin.

2. Which of the following descriptions about fungi is NOT correct? (A) They are a group of eukaryotic organisms that includes yeasts, molds, and mushrooms. (B) They are incapable of photosynthesis. (C) Fungal membranes contain a unique steroid called ergosterol, which is a drug target of athlete's foot treatment. (D) Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiotic relationships only with legumes. (E) Fungal cell walls are made of chitin.

3. Which of the following descriptions about methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is NOT correct?(A) Staphylococcus aureus is a type of bacteria found on healthy people's skin(B) Staphylococcus aureus causes lung infection and other infection(C) People with MRSA skin infections often can get swelling, warnth, redness, and pain in infected skin.(D) MRSA strains are resistant to all aminoglycosides including kanamycin and gentamicin.(E) The resistance of MRSA strains is caused by the acquisition of the mecA gene implicated in the biosynthesis of bacterial cell wall.

4. Which of the following descriptions about Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is NOT correct? (A) The benefit of CAM to the plant is the ability to leave most leaf stomata closed during the day. (B) During the night, CAM plants allow CO2 to enter and be fixed as organic acids. (C) During the day, the stomata of CAM plants close to conserve water, and the organic acids stored in the vacuoles of bundle sheath cells are released. (D) Pineapple is the economically valuable crop possessing CAM. (E) Cactus utilize the CAM as an adaptation for arid conditions.

6. During the development, the ectoderm eventually gives rise to? (A) Nervous system (B) Muscle (C) Lungs (D) Connective tissue (E) Digestive tube

7. Which of the following is not a feature of insects? (A) Book lung (B) Malpighian tubules (C) Open circulatory system (D) Tracheal system (E) Exoskeleton

複選題8. This is a genealogy that has a common genetic trait. Given that one gene pair is involved, what is the inheritance pattern?(A) Autosomal dominant (B) Sex-linked dominant(C) Autosomal recessive (D) Sex-linked recessive (E) The probability that individual A has the trait is 25%

9. The coat color phenotype of Labrador Retriever mainly has three main colors: black, chocolate and yellow, which are affected by the genes of the unlinked B (black) and E (pigment distribution) loci. What kinds of offspring would you expect from the cross of a black female (BbEe) and a yellow male (Bbee)? (A) Black, BBEe: 1/8 (B) Yellow, BBee: 1/4 (C) Chocolate, bbEe: 1/16 (D) Yellow, Bbee: 1/8 (E) Black, BbEe: 1/8

10. Which of the following should be consistent among identical twins? (A) The set of T cell antigen receptors produced. (B)The set of major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules produced. (C) The susc ceptibility to a particular virus. (D) The set of antibodies produced. (E) Epigenetic modifications.

複選題11. About Down syndrome, which of the following statements is NOT correct? (A) Down syndrome is usually the result of an extra chromosome 21, which means that each body cell has 47 chromosomes. (B) The frequency of Down syndrome increases with the mother's age. (C) This is mainly caused by nondisjunction during meiosis I, but not meiosis II. (D) Chromosomal mutation can be easily studied by analysis of Karyotypes. (E) Recent data suggest that by age 35, nearly 100% of people with Down syndrome develop Alzheimer syndrome.

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