66. Which of the following statements is true?
(A) miRNAs are made from long dsRNAs, whereas siRNAs are made from large hairpin precursors.
(B) miRNAs are made from large hairpin precursors, whereas siRNAs are made from long dsRNAs.
(C) Both miRNAs and siRNAs are made from long dsRNAs.
(D) Both miRNAs and siRNAs are made from large hairpin precursors.
(E) none of the above

62. Hypothetical mutation in a squirrel population produces organisms with eight legs rather than four. Further, these mutant squirrels survive, successfully invade new habitats, and eventually give rise to a new species. The initial event, giving rise to extra legs, would be a good example of (A) punctuated equilibrium. (B) species selection. (C) habitat selection. (D) changes in homeotic genes. (E) allometry.

63. Species that are not closely related and that do not share many anatomical similarities can still be placed together on the same phylogenetic tree by comparing their (A) plasmids. (B) chloroplast genomes. (C) mitochondrial genomes. (D) homologous genes that are poorly conserved. (E) homologous genes that are highly conserved.

64. Animal communication involves what type of sensory information? (A) visual (B) auditory (C) chemical (D) A and C only (E) A, B, and C

65. Which of the following statements about histone acetylation is WRONG? (A) Histone acetylation usually occurs within the tail region. (B) Histone acetylation decreases the positive charge of histones. (C) Histone acetylation reduces the histone-DNA affinity. (D) Histone acetylation promotes the 30-nm fiber formation. (E) Histone acetylation is usually associated with activation of gene expression.

67. Attaching the activation domain of Gal4 to the Tet (tetracycline) repressor creates a hybrid protein that will (A) bind to the Gal4 binding site in response to galactose. (B) bind to the Gal4 binding site in response to tetracycline. (C) bind to the tet operator in response to tetracycline. (D) bind to the tet operator in response to galactose. (E) all of the above

68. In a neuron at rest, which of the following is true? (A) Leakage of sodium ions into the neuron is greater than leakage of potassium ions out of the neuron. (B) Leakage of sodium ions out of the neuron is greater than leakage of potassium ions into the neuron. (C) Leakage of potassium ions into the neuron is greater than leakage of sodium ions out of the neuron. (D) Leakage of potassium ions out of the neuron is greater than leakage of sodium ions into the neuron. (E) Leakage of potassium ions out of the neuron is equivalent to leakage of sodium ions into the neuron.

69. Which is NOT involved in RNA editing? (A) site-specific deamination of adenines (B) site-specific deamination of cytosines (C) guide RNA-directed uridine insertion (D) guide RNA-directed uridine deletion (E) snoRNA-directed 2’-OH methylation

70. The effect of 5-Azacytosine on gene expression is to (A) prevent chromatin remodeling. (B) prevent RNA editing. (C) remove DNA methylation. (D) enhance DNA recombination. (E) remove histone acetylation.

71. Influenza virus has pH-sensitive, acidic fusogenic proteins. Based on this, influenza virus would be expected to fuse with (A) plasma membrane. (B) membrane of trans-Golgi network. (C) membrane of late endosomes. (D) membrane of mitochondria. (E) membrane of peroxisomes.

72. Which of the following statements best compares a pseudocoelom and a coelom? (A) A pseudocoelom is completely enclosed by mesoderm whereas a coelom has an outer covering of mesoderm and an inner one of endoderm. (B) A coelom is completely enclosed by mesoderm whereas a pseudocoelom has an outer covering of mesoderm and an inner one of endoderm. (C) The coelom is enclosed by ectoderm and the pseudocoelom is enclosed by endoderm. (D) The pseudocoelom is enclosed by ectoderm and the coelom is enclosed by endoderm. (E) The coelom is enclosed by ectoderm and the pseudocoelom is enclosed by mesoderm.