9. Which of the following proteins is NOT a component of focal adhesions?
(A) cadherins
(B) integrins
(C) actin filaments
(D) linker protein
(E) fibronectin/collagen

5. Which is NOT a microtubule-organizing center (MTOC)? (A) centrosome (B) basal body of cilia (C) mitotic spindle pole (D) kinetochore (E) all of the above

6. An mRNA sequence is 5’-AUG-GGC-ACU-CAU-ACU-UAA-3’, where AUG is the start codon and UAA is the stop codon. How many distinct aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are required to translate the mRNA sequence? (A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5 (E) 6

7. Self-splicing of group II introns is similar to nuclear pre-mRNA splicing because (A) both need snRNPs. (B) both need guanosine. (C) both need ATP. (D) both form lariat structure. (E) both form spliceosome.

8. Assuming a fat molecule can be oxidized into 2 glycerol molecules, which are then converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in intermediate glycolysis, how many ATP can be produced from a fat molecule? (A) 4 (B) 8 (C) 24 (D) 36 (E) 48

10. Why is there a need to produce Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand, but NOT on the leading strand of DNA? (A) It is substantially more efficient to make several shorter strands rather than one longer strand of DNA. (B) The two parental strands of DNA are antiparallel and DNA polymerase makes DNA in the 5’ to 3’ direction only. (C) There lacks enough DNA ligase for bonding Okazaki fragments together if they were produced from both parental strands. (D) By having one leading strand and one lagging strand the cell can limit the amount of DNA polymerase used for chromosomal replication. (E) It is faster to make several smaller fragments than one larger fragment.

11. When observing the skeleton of a snake, you see the remains of hip and hind leg bones associated with four legged animals. These bones are called (A) convergent traits. (B) vestigial structures. (C) homologous structures. (D) analogous structures. (E) both homologous and analogous structures.

12. The group of protists to which humans are most closely related is: (A) Rhizaria. (B) the choanoflagellates. (C) slime molds. (D) Foraminifera. (E) Stramenopila.

13. Which of the following is NOT a defining trait of the phylum Chordata? (A) notochord (B) dorsal hollow nerve cord (C) pharyngeal slits (D) post anal tail (E) protostome development

14. The physiologist J. Soum surgically sealed off an air sac of a pigeon and injected carbon monoxide into it. What did he observe and conclude from this experiment? (A) The bird died demonstrating the toxicity of this gas. (B) The bird was fine, demonstrating this gas is not actually toxic. (C) The bird died, indicating diffusion of gases across the air sac into the blood. (D) The bird showed no ill effects, indicating diffusion of gases from the air sac into the blood. (E) The bird showed no ill effects, indicating gases do not diffuse from the air sac into the blood.

15. Humans cannot survive at sea by drinking salt water. However, marine vertebrates such as sea turtles and various sea birds can survive by drinking salt water. What DO they have that humans DO NOT? (A) kidneys that are extremely good at producing a concentrated urine. (B) body fluid concentrations that are similar to or greater than those of seawater. (C) the ability to secrete salts and wastes into their intestinal contents like an insect. (D) They use ammonia as their primary nitrogenous waste. (E) salt glands.