8. Assuming a fat molecule can be oxidized into 2 glycerol molecules, which are then converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in intermediate glycolysis, how many ATP can be produced from a fat molecule?
(A) 4
(B) 8
(C) 24
(D) 36
(E) 48

4. Which of the following statements about feedback inhibition in metabolic pathways is most correct? (A) The product of the pathway inhibits its own production by competitively binding to reactants in the metabolic pathway. (B) The product of the pathway inhibits its own production by noncompetitively binding to reactants in the metabolic pathway. (C) The product of the pathway inhibits its own production by competitively inhibiting the binding of a substrate to the active site of an enzyme within the metabolic pathway. (D) The product of the pathway inhibits its own production by noncompetitively inhibiting the binding of a substrate to the active site of an enzyme within the metabolic pathway. (E) All of the above

5. Which is NOT a microtubule-organizing center (MTOC)? (A) centrosome (B) basal body of cilia (C) mitotic spindle pole (D) kinetochore (E) all of the above

6. An mRNA sequence is 5’-AUG-GGC-ACU-CAU-ACU-UAA-3’, where AUG is the start codon and UAA is the stop codon. How many distinct aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are required to translate the mRNA sequence? (A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5 (E) 6

7. Self-splicing of group II introns is similar to nuclear pre-mRNA splicing because (A) both need snRNPs. (B) both need guanosine. (C) both need ATP. (D) both form lariat structure. (E) both form spliceosome.

9. Which of the following proteins is NOT a component of focal adhesions? (A) cadherins (B) integrins (C) actin filaments (D) linker protein (E) fibronectin/collagen

10. Why is there a need to produce Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand, but NOT on the leading strand of DNA? (A) It is substantially more efficient to make several shorter strands rather than one longer strand of DNA. (B) The two parental strands of DNA are antiparallel and DNA polymerase makes DNA in the 5’ to 3’ direction only. (C) There lacks enough DNA ligase for bonding Okazaki fragments together if they were produced from both parental strands. (D) By having one leading strand and one lagging strand the cell can limit the amount of DNA polymerase used for chromosomal replication. (E) It is faster to make several smaller fragments than one larger fragment.

11. When observing the skeleton of a snake, you see the remains of hip and hind leg bones associated with four legged animals. These bones are called (A) convergent traits. (B) vestigial structures. (C) homologous structures. (D) analogous structures. (E) both homologous and analogous structures.

12. The group of protists to which humans are most closely related is: (A) Rhizaria. (B) the choanoflagellates. (C) slime molds. (D) Foraminifera. (E) Stramenopila.

13. Which of the following is NOT a defining trait of the phylum Chordata? (A) notochord (B) dorsal hollow nerve cord (C) pharyngeal slits (D) post anal tail (E) protostome development

14. The physiologist J. Soum surgically sealed off an air sac of a pigeon and injected carbon monoxide into it. What did he observe and conclude from this experiment? (A) The bird died demonstrating the toxicity of this gas. (B) The bird was fine, demonstrating this gas is not actually toxic. (C) The bird died, indicating diffusion of gases across the air sac into the blood. (D) The bird showed no ill effects, indicating diffusion of gases from the air sac into the blood. (E) The bird showed no ill effects, indicating gases do not diffuse from the air sac into the blood.