(d) Consider a fully developed pipe flow, describe the differences in time-mean velocity structure (e.g. velocity across the pipe) between laminar and turbulent flow regimes. (5 points)

(c) Consider a steady, incom npressible, three-dimensional flow. The x and z velocity components are given by u = ax2+by2+cz2 and w= e axz + byz2, where a, b, c are constants. Find the y velocity component (v) as a function of x, y, and z. (7 points)

(a) What is the Newtonian fluid? (5 points)

(b) Write down the differential form of momentum conservation (i.e. the Navier- Stokes equation) for incompressible flows. Interpret the physical meaning of each terms. (9 points)

(c) What is the Reynolds number? Interpret its physical meaning and its significance in characterizing flow properties. (6 points)

(a) As illustrated in Fig. 1a, consider a steady, incompressible. laminar flow (with a constant viscosity) confined by two infinite parallel plates. One plate is moving at speed U, while the other plate is held fixed. Assuming that the flow is parallel (y = 0) and is purely two-dimensional (in x and y direction). The boundary conditions are (1) at y= 0, น = v=w = 0. (2) at y = Ly, น = U, y=w=0. Based on the above assumptions, develop the simplified continuity and momentum equations (please provide reasons for why certain terms can be neglected) (7 points)

(b) Following (a), solve for the velocity field and estimate the shear force per unit area acting on the fixed plate. (8 points)

(c) Let's flip the dimension to x-z plane and remove the moving plate so that the upper boundary is now free surface (Fig. 1b). Wind forcing is applied at the free surface. Assuming that the wind-driven flow is steady, laminar, two dimensional, and fully developed in x direction (ie. no gradients in x). The flow is subject to the tollowing boundary conditions: (1) at z = 0, u = v=w = 0. (2) at z = H, the viscous stress (τ) is only non-zero in x direction, with Express the momentum balance and solve for the velocity profile (u(z) ) (9 points) 

(d) Following (e), express and sketch the profile of stress τ(z). Interpret the force balance. (6 points)

(a) What is the definition of vorticity? What fluid properties does vorticity represent measure? (7 points)

(b) What is irrotational flow? (5 points)