22. In schizophrenia research, prodrome refers to
(A). neurobehavioral functioning in the disorder.
(B). positive symptomatology in the disorder.
(C). intellectual functioning in the disorder. 
(D). the period before a person meets diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia but nonetheless shows some symptoms.

1.Fixation at a particular stage, according to Freud, results in (A). difficulties in determining the nature of the conflicts when the person enters analysis. (B). a sexually unresponsive individual. (C). an inability to develop further. (D). regression to that stage when stressed later in life.

2.According to behavior genetics research, (A). nonshared experiences have much more to do with mental illness than shared experiences. (B). shared experiences have much more to do with mental illness than nonshared experiences. (C). shared and nonshared experiences are equally important for mental illness. (D). there is no way to differentiate between shared and nonshared contributions to mental illness.

3. A difference in DNA sequence that occurs in a population is called (A). an allele. (B). a genotype. (C). a phenotype. (D). a polymorphism.

4. Newer CBT treatments differ from the original CBT treatments in that they emphasize all of the following EXCEPT: (A). spirituality. (B). values. (C). emotions. (D). rational thoughts.

5. Some critics of the DSM-5 believe that (A). there are not enough different diagnoses. (B). the DSM-5 has pathologized too many problems without good justification. (C). there is not enough comorbidity in diagnoses. (D). another diagnostic category should be added titled “Conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention in elderly populations.”

6. Why do behavioral assessors sometimes set up contrived situations in which to observe behavior? (A) They do not think the setting is an important influence on people’s behavior. (B) Such assessments avoid the problem of reactivity. (C) They want to see how people respond in unusual situations. (D) It is often difficult to control the conditions in natural settings

7. “Approximately 1500 new cases of AIDS were diagnosed in 1988 in Chicago.” This is an example of the estimate of the __________ of AIDS. (A). prevalence (B). incidence (C). risk factor (D). statistical significance

8. Which of the following steps would improve the external validity of an analogue experiment of subclinical depression in college students? (A). Include a no-treatment control group. (B). Perform statistical analyses on the results. (C). Use clinically depressed patients. (D). Include several types of therapy.

9. To be diagnosed with bipolar I disorder, a person (A). must be currently experiencing manic symptoms. (B). must have experienced hypomanic symptoms as well as depressive symptoms at some point in their lifetime. (C). must have had at least one episode of mania at some point in their lifetime. (D). must have experienced at least one depressive episode.

複選題10. Functional studies of people with major depression show (A). elevated activity in the amygdala. (B). decreased activity in the amygdala. (C). diminished volume in the prefrontal cortex. (D). diminished volume of the hippocampus.

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