1. Statistical data are often relevant when discussing psychological disorders. For example, a researcher might want to know how many new cases of depression are diagnosed each year, a figure called the 7___________ of the disorder.
(A) prevalence
(B) incidence
(C) recurrence
(D) ratio

97. 以下哪一種物質的中毒機轉描述較適當？ (A)河豚中毒：可增加神經軸突及肌肉細胞對鈉離子的通透性，進而改 變細胞內外離子的平衡。 (B)有機磷中毒：主要和其所含的表面擴張劑 POEA（polyoxyethylene- amine）有關。 (C)強酸：產生暴露部位的液態化壞死（liquefaction necrosis），可破壞 血管、細胞、皮下組織，導致深層的組織破壞。 (D)氰化物中毒，為氰根離子與粒線體細胞色素氧化酶（cytochrome oxidase aa3）的三價鐵離子結合，使其失去功能，抑制組織對氧的 運用，造成細胞內缺氧，引起代謝性酸中毒。 (E)珊瑚礁魚毒素中毒：可抑制細胞膜上對鈉離子的通透性，也可抑制 中樞或神經節上之膽鹼接收器（cholinergic receptor）。

98. 9 個月女童，體重 10 公斤，主訴六小時前開始注意到小孩有陣發性腹痛及 哭鬧不安，女童在檢傷站嘔吐一次，家屬打開尿布並無發現有血絲便情 形，下列診斷較不可能？ (A)Midgut volvulus。 (B)Pyloric stenosis。 (C)Intussusception。 (D)Incarcerated hernia。 (E)Viral enterocolitis。

99. 急診遇到胸部創傷呼吸喘病人，運用超音波肺部掃描可協助鑑別診斷，下 列敘述何者較適當？ (A)左側為條碼標誌（barcode sign），顯示無氣胸。 (B)右側為海濱標誌（seashore sign），顯示為血胸。 (C)左側為平流層標誌（stratosphere sign），顯示為氣胸。 (D)右側為海濱標誌（seashore sign），顯示為氣胸。 (E)左側為條碼標誌（barcode sign），顯示為血胸。

100. 關於週邊性眩暈（peripheral vertigo）和中樞性眩暈（central vertigo），下 列敘述何者較不適當？ (A)週邊性眩暈一般持續時間較短，而中樞性的症狀可能長達數週至數 月。 (B)週邊性眩暈的症狀比較會受頭部姿勢影響，而中樞性較少。 (C)Horizontal head impulse test 在週邊性眩暈的病人身上會出現異常反 應。 (D)眼震在週邊性眩暈通常是 direction-changing horizontal nystagmus， 而在中樞性眩暈則可能為水平、環型或垂直。 (E)眩暈合併聽力喪失（hearing loss）或耳鳴（tinnitus）比較像是週邊 性眩暈，而出現頭痛或頸部疼痛則須考慮中樞性眩暈。

2. A psychological disorder is described as having an acute onset if the symptoms develop __________, while it has an insidious onset if the symptoms develop __________ . (A) suddenly； gradually (B) suddenly； atypically (C) gradually； atypically (D) atypically； suddenly

3. According to the diathesis-stress model, monozygotic twins raised in the same household will (A) not necessarily have the same disorders because of potential differences in their diathesis. (B) have the same disorders because their diathesis and stress are exactly the same. (C) not necessarily have the same disorders because of potential differences in their stress. (D) have no more likelihood of sharing a disorder than any other two randomly selected individuals from the population.

4. Amanda learned to fear snakes after seeing one for the first time at the zoo. However, it took many exposures to the sound of tapping dancing shoes before she learned to fear that sound. The concept that would explain the fact that we learn to fear some objects more easily than others is (A) prepared learning. (B) learned helplessness. (C) observational learning. (D) reciprocal determinism.

5. In the Stroop color naming paradigm, a patient with a blood phobia would be expected to name the color of the printed word "wound" (A) more quickly than a neutral word. (B) in about the same time it takes to name the color of a neutral word. (C) more slowly than a neutral word. (D) with a great deal of difficulty or not at all.

6. Alice, who had recurrent headaches, fatigue, and loss of appetite, received different diagnoses from several psychologists. In terms of assessment, this indicates a problem with _______. (A) subjectivity (B) reliability (C) validity (D) standardization

7. A mental status exam covers all of the following categories EXCEPT ___________. (A) intellectual functioning (B) appearance (C) behavior (D) physical symptoms