4. Amanda learned to fear snakes after seeing one for the first time at the zoo. However, it took many exposures to the sound of tapping dancing shoes before she learned to fear that sound. The concept that would explain the fact that we learn to fear some objects more easily than others is
(A) prepared learning.
(B) learned helplessness.
(C) observational learning.
(D) reciprocal determinism.

100. 關於週邊性眩暈（peripheral vertigo）和中樞性眩暈（central vertigo），下 列敘述何者較不適當？ (A)週邊性眩暈一般持續時間較短，而中樞性的症狀可能長達數週至數 月。 (B)週邊性眩暈的症狀比較會受頭部姿勢影響，而中樞性較少。 (C)Horizontal head impulse test 在週邊性眩暈的病人身上會出現異常反 應。 (D)眼震在週邊性眩暈通常是 direction-changing horizontal nystagmus， 而在中樞性眩暈則可能為水平、環型或垂直。 (E)眩暈合併聽力喪失（hearing loss）或耳鳴（tinnitus）比較像是週邊 性眩暈，而出現頭痛或頸部疼痛則須考慮中樞性眩暈。

1. Statistical data are often relevant when discussing psychological disorders. For example, a researcher might want to know how many new cases of depression are diagnosed each year, a figure called the 7___________ of the disorder. (A) prevalence (B) incidence (C) recurrence (D) ratio

2. A psychological disorder is described as having an acute onset if the symptoms develop __________, while it has an insidious onset if the symptoms develop __________ . (A) suddenly； gradually (B) suddenly； atypically (C) gradually； atypically (D) atypically； suddenly

3. According to the diathesis-stress model, monozygotic twins raised in the same household will (A) not necessarily have the same disorders because of potential differences in their diathesis. (B) have the same disorders because their diathesis and stress are exactly the same. (C) not necessarily have the same disorders because of potential differences in their stress. (D) have no more likelihood of sharing a disorder than any other two randomly selected individuals from the population.

5. In the Stroop color naming paradigm, a patient with a blood phobia would be expected to name the color of the printed word "wound" (A) more quickly than a neutral word. (B) in about the same time it takes to name the color of a neutral word. (C) more slowly than a neutral word. (D) with a great deal of difficulty or not at all.

6. Alice, who had recurrent headaches, fatigue, and loss of appetite, received different diagnoses from several psychologists. In terms of assessment, this indicates a problem with _______. (A) subjectivity (B) reliability (C) validity (D) standardization

7. A mental status exam covers all of the following categories EXCEPT ___________. (A) intellectual functioning (B) appearance (C) behavior (D) physical symptoms

8. The reactivity phenomenon of self-monitoring procedures has been shown to (A) increase desired behaviors. (B) decrease undesired behaviors. (C) both increase desired behaviors and decrease undesired behaviors. (D) neither increase desired behaviors nor decrease undesired behaviors.

9. The problem with generating a false negative during an assessment strategy is that the patient (A) will not receive treatment for an actual disorder. (B) will receive treatment for a disorder they don’t have. (C) will be tired of being tested. (D) will be discredited.

10. The dimensional approach to classification of mental disorders differs from the categorical approach because the dimensional system provides (A) lists of symptoms that are associated with all of the forms of psychopathology that are currently believed to exist. (B) diagnostic labels based on the presence of specific symptoms. (C) information that is used to determine the cause and treatment of the disorder. (D) scales that indicate the degree to which patients are experiencing various cognitions, moods, and behaviors.