6. Alice, who had recurrent headaches, fatigue, and loss of appetite, received different diagnoses from several psychologists. In terms of assessment, this indicates a problem with _______.
(A) subjectivity
(B) reliability
(C) validity
(D) standardization

2. A psychological disorder is described as having an acute onset if the symptoms develop __________, while it has an insidious onset if the symptoms develop __________ . (A) suddenly； gradually (B) suddenly； atypically (C) gradually； atypically (D) atypically； suddenly

3. According to the diathesis-stress model, monozygotic twins raised in the same household will (A) not necessarily have the same disorders because of potential differences in their diathesis. (B) have the same disorders because their diathesis and stress are exactly the same. (C) not necessarily have the same disorders because of potential differences in their stress. (D) have no more likelihood of sharing a disorder than any other two randomly selected individuals from the population.

4. Amanda learned to fear snakes after seeing one for the first time at the zoo. However, it took many exposures to the sound of tapping dancing shoes before she learned to fear that sound. The concept that would explain the fact that we learn to fear some objects more easily than others is (A) prepared learning. (B) learned helplessness. (C) observational learning. (D) reciprocal determinism.

5. In the Stroop color naming paradigm, a patient with a blood phobia would be expected to name the color of the printed word "wound" (A) more quickly than a neutral word. (B) in about the same time it takes to name the color of a neutral word. (C) more slowly than a neutral word. (D) with a great deal of difficulty or not at all.

7. A mental status exam covers all of the following categories EXCEPT ___________. (A) intellectual functioning (B) appearance (C) behavior (D) physical symptoms

8. The reactivity phenomenon of self-monitoring procedures has been shown to (A) increase desired behaviors. (B) decrease undesired behaviors. (C) both increase desired behaviors and decrease undesired behaviors. (D) neither increase desired behaviors nor decrease undesired behaviors.

9. The problem with generating a false negative during an assessment strategy is that the patient (A) will not receive treatment for an actual disorder. (B) will receive treatment for a disorder they don’t have. (C) will be tired of being tested. (D) will be discredited.

10. The dimensional approach to classification of mental disorders differs from the categorical approach because the dimensional system provides (A) lists of symptoms that are associated with all of the forms of psychopathology that are currently believed to exist. (B) diagnostic labels based on the presence of specific symptoms. (C) information that is used to determine the cause and treatment of the disorder. (D) scales that indicate the degree to which patients are experiencing various cognitions, moods, and behaviors.

11. The purpose of creating mini panic attacks in panic control treatment therapy is to (A) help patients identify what makes them panic. (B) allow the patient to develop alternative attitudes about the feared situation. (C) convince the patient that panic attacks are not real (D) force the panic attacks into the unconscious.

12. In Japan, the anxiety syndrome termed taijin kyofusho involves a fear of (A) performing onstage. (B) speaking to females. (C) embarrassing oneself. (D) personally offending others.