19. The rapid-cycling specifier refers to an individual with bipolar disorder who experiences at least ___ manic or depressive episodes in a year.
(A) 2
(B) 4
(C) 6
(D) 8

15. Although both panic disorder patients and persons with somatic symptom disorder tend to misinterpret bodily sensations, patients with panic disorder (A) are having real physical sensations, while the sensations of those with somatic symptom disorder are "all in their heads." (B) tend to fear immediate catastrophe, while those with somatic symptom disorder tend to fear long-term illness. (C) are having imagined physical sensations, while those with somatic symptom disorder are experiencing real physical sensations. (D) tend to ignore the symptoms of their first attacks, while those with somatic symptom disorder tend to seek immediate medical treatment following the first indication of pain.

16. In dissociative amnesia, the individual typically has no memory of (A) any events. (B) events prior to a trauma. (C) selective events, particularly those involving trauma. (D) events following a trauma, particularly those involving interpersonal issues.

17. When used in connection with mood disorders, "flight of ideas" means (A) anxiety about airplane travel. (B) rapid speech expressing many exciting ideas at once. (C) limited imagination reflected in a slow way of speaking. (D) repression of all creative ideas.

18. Persistent depressive disorder (PDD) differs from major depressive disorder because people diagnosed with PDD have symptoms of depression that are ________. (A) longer-lasting (B) temporary (C) more severe (D) episodic

20. Current research into neurotransmitter systems has produced the "permissive" hypothesis, which states that (A) low levels of serotonin are sufficient to explain the etiology of mood disorders. (B) the norepinephrine system regulates serotonin levels； if norepinephrine is low, depression will occur. (C) when serotonin levels are low, other neurotransmitter systems become dysregulated and contribute to mood irregularities. (D) the absolute levels of neurotransmitters are more significant in mood regulation than the overall balance of the various neurotransmitters.

21. Which of the following statements is TRUE about tricyclics? (A) Tricyclics work within 24 hours after they are ingested. (B) Weight loss is a side effect of taking a tricyclic. (C) Tricyclics block the reuptake of acetylcholine. (D) They can be accompanied by very unpleasant side effects.

22. The most significant feature of bulimia nervosa is ____________. (A) purging (B) overeating (C) overeating followed by an urge to vomit (D) binge eating followed by compensatory behavior

23. Research using brain-imaging techniques has localized auditory hallucinations in the part of the brain called _____________. (A) Wernicke's area (B) Broca's area (C) the occipital lobe (D) the limbic system

24. The negative schizophrenic symptom called avolition is defined as (A) inability to initiate and persist in activities. (B) inability to experience pleasure. (C) lack of emotional response, blank facial expression. (D) lack of speech content and/or slowed speech response.

25. Tardive dyskinesia, a condition that can occur in patients who take antipsychotic medications, (A) can result from short-term use. (B) can result from low doses. (C) occurs in less than 2% of patients. (D) may often be irreversible.